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The summit was the first since the wave of Arab Spring uprisings began sweeping the region more than a year ago, targeting its long-ruling strongmen. The 2011 summit was canceled because of the turmoil. There were two new faces at Thursday’s collection of heads of state: Abdul-Jalil of Libya, who holds nominal power after the ouster and killing of Moammar Khadafy, and President Moncef Marzouki of Tunisia, a former human rights activist who was elevated after the fall of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.

The new leaders of Egypt and Yemen - the other two countries whose rulers fell last year - did not attend, a reflection of their continuing domestic troubles.

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